Sebastian Raschka 7/19/2025

The Big LLM Architecture Comparison

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This article provides a detailed, technical analysis of the architectural developments in flagship open-source LLMs like DeepSeek V3, Llama 4, and Gemma 3. It moves beyond performance benchmarks to examine core structural components such as attention mechanisms (e.g., Multi-Head Latent Attention, Linear Attention), Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) designs, normalization techniques, and innovations in positional embeddings. The analysis covers over 20 models to identify the key engineering trends defining the current state of LLM development.

The Big LLM Architecture Comparison

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