Simon Willison 1/28/2026

The Five Levels: from Spicy Autocomplete to the Dark Factory

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This article explores Dan Shapiro's five-level model for AI-assisted programming, analogous to levels of driving automation. It ranges from 'spicy autocomplete' (Level 0) to the fully autonomous 'dark software factory' (Level 5), where AI agents handle all coding and testing without human review, and humans focus on system design and validation.

The Five Levels: from Spicy Autocomplete to the Dark Factory

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