Philip Zucker • 3/10/2026

Refinement Modeling and Verification of RISC-V Assembly using Knuckledragger

This technical article details the development of Knuckledragger, a Python-based binary verification tool for RISC-V assembly. It addresses the challenges of low-level code verification, compiler bugs, and LLM-generated assembly by using symbolic execution and a novel refinement modeling approach that maps low-level pcode to a higher-level, user-defined state model for more scalable and debuggable proofs.

0 comments

#formal verification #assembly #Symbolic Execution